An easement is the right to use the land owned by another for some designated purpose. Such uses typically include ingress/egress, rights-of-way, utility, or water access. An easement holder's use and rights are known collectively as a "servitude," and the subject property burdened by the servitude is the servient estate.1 An affirmative easement gives the easement holder positive rights to do something on the servient estate. On the other hand, a negative easement restrains the owner of the servient estate from undertaking some purpose vis-à-vis the servient estate which is otherwise lawful to do. An agreement not to develop a tract of land to preserve an easement holder's scenic view is an example of a negative easement.
An easement holder is deemed to have all rights necessarily incident to the enjoyment of the easement and its servitude, and the owner of the servient estate may not obstruct, interfere, or otherwise encroach upon the easement holder's use and enjoyment.
What are the Different Types of Easements?
There are two general categories of easement: (i) appurtenant; and (ii) in gross. An easement is "appurtenant" if it is attached to the dominant estate and runs through subsequent conveyancing. An easement is "in gross" if the easement rights are of a nature strictly personal to the owner of the dominant estate. Easement rights are never presumed to be in gross whenever they can be fairly construed to be appurtenant to the land.
When are Easements Created?
Under Indiana law, easements may be created by grant, prescription, or implication. An easement by grant is the most common. Such easement arises by way of a deed or contract, and the scope of the easement holder's rights is controlled by the governing terms of the instrument. Easements created by deed or contract are usually recorded with the county recorder's office to give constructive notice to interested parties of their existence.
Prescriptive easements are created by the operation of law against a party having a title. Prescriptive easements are generally disfavored in law. To be recognized, a party claiming a prescriptive easement must show, by clear and convincing proof, their "actual, hostile, open, notorious, continuous, uninterrupted adverse use" of the servient estate for twenty years under some claim of right. Thus, a party claiming the existence of a prescriptive easement must show evidence of (1) control; (2) intent; (3) notice; and (4) duration before a prescriptive easement is deemed existing.
Like prescriptive easements, implied easements are also recognized in law. Implied easements are further divided into easements of necessity and easements by prior use. An easement of necessity will be implied in law when land, previously held intact by common ownership, has been severed and, as a result, part of the land is left without access to a public road. If the party alleging easement by necessity maintains any other means of accessing the land, he/she may not claim a right to pass over the land of another and no easement rights are created. An easement by necessity is commonly created when a landowner conveys a parcel of real estate completely bounded by the landowner's remaining property. An easement of prior use will be implied where a landowner imposes an apparent permanent and obvious servitude on one part of the land in favor of another part and which use is continuing when the land is later caused to be severed and if the servitude is reasonably necessary for the fair enjoyment of dominant estate. While the focus of a claim for an implied easement by necessity is the fact of absolute necessity, a claim for prior use is the intention that a prior use should continue.
How are Easement Locations Selected?
In accordance with Indiana law, the owner of the servient estate may select the specific location of the easement if this is not specified within the instrument creating the easement (if the servient owner fails in this regard, the easement holder may then designate the location of the easement). In all such cases, the easement location must be reasonable for both parties given the nature of the easement and the circumstances existing; such placement cannot unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of the servient land or encroach upon, or interfere with, the property of others. If at the time an easement is created, the servient estate is unfit for its actual purposes, the easement holder may make such alterations, repairs, and improvements to the servient land as will give effect to the easement, including, by way of example, the construction of roads, drainage systems, and other facilities for an ingress/egress easement which are necessary and appropriate.
An easement establishes important and usually lasting rights on land. Failure to appropriately procedurally establish and accurately describe the precise nature and scope of an intended easement right is the source of significant costly (and acrimonious) litigation in Indiana and elsewhere, and such failure may lead the unwary to unintended uses and servitudes being imposed by the courts. Indeed, as Franklin opined, "[a]n ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."
Footnote
1. Whereas the land benefitted by the servitude is the "dominant estate."
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.