凯撒的归凯撒,上帝的归上帝——从"主播跳槽"的多案裁判 看《反不正当竞争法》一般性条款的裁判规则演进

CP
CCPIT Patent & Trademark Law Office
Contributor
CCPIT PATENT AND TRADEMARK LAW OFFICE is the oldest and one of the largest full-service intellectual property law firms in China. Our firm has 322 patent and trademark attorneys, among whom 93 are qualified as attorneys-at-law. We provide consultation, prosecution, mediation, administrative enforcement and litigation services relating to patents, trademarks, copyrights, domain names, trade secrets, trade dress, unfair competition and other intellectual property-related matters. headquartered in Beijing, we have branch offices in New York, Silicon Valley, Tokyo, Munich, Madrid, Hongkong, Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen.
在《反不正当竞争法》的第二章《不正当竞争行为》中,明确列举了若干属于不正当竞争而应适用《反不正当竞争法》予以规范的行为,例如
China Antitrust/Competition Law
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一、背景

在《反不正当竞争法》的第二章《不正当竞争行为》中,明确列举了若干属于不正当竞争而应适用《反不正当竞争法》予以规范的行为,例如市场混淆、商业贿赂、虚假宣传、侵犯商业秘密等等。然而,在实际的经营中,涉及不正当竞争的行为形形色色、五花八门,并非仅限于所明确列举的行为种类。

对此,《最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》若干问题的解释》第一条规定,“经营者扰乱市场竞争秩序,损害其他经营者或者消费者合法权益,且属于违反反不正当竞争法第二章及专利法、商标法、著作权法等规定之外情形的,人民法院可以适用反不正当竞争法第二条予以认定。”其中提及的“反不正当竞争法第二条”,是指如下规定:

“经营者在生产经营活动中,应当遵循自愿、平等、公平、诚信的原则,遵守法律和商业道德。

本法所称的不正当竞争行为,是指经营者在生产经营活动中,违反本法规定,扰乱市场竞争秩序,损害其他经营者或者消费者的合法权益的行为。

本法所称的经营者,是指从事商品生产、经营或者提供服务(以下所称商品包括服务)的自然人、法人和非法人组织。”

该条款即为反不正当竞争法的一般性条款,用于调整和保护那些无法归入其它专门法保护的市场行为。近年来,随着越来越多的新业态模式跟随新技术一起出现,反不正当竞争法的一般性条款的调整范围逐渐扩展和纵深化,越来越频繁地出现在社会公众的视野中。

在司法实践中,适用该一般性条款规范竞争行为时,公认的是应秉持审慎、谦抑的原则,避让其他专门法,这是一个构成要件;同时,另一个构成要件——确有其它经营者或消费者的合法权益因该竞争行为而受到损害,实践中认定的争议一般也不大;但是对于被诉具体行为是否违反了诚信原则、商业道德,则各案有各案的分析——有时候可能不同法院甚至同一法院在不同历史时期对于相似的案情,会出现相反的结论。这是正常的现象,因为不同裁判者,甚至相同裁判者在不同时期,可能对于“商业道德”的理解各自不同,从这些不同的裁判中,也可以见到裁判者对此秉持的不同价值观。

在本文中,介绍了三个不同的案例,案情都涉及直播平台的主播跳槽、被挖角,我们以此来管中窥豹,探讨一下反不正当竞争法视角下,自由竞争与不正当竞争的边界位置,以及反不正当竞争法的一般性条款的裁判规则的演进。

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凯撒的归凯撒,上帝的归上帝——从"主播跳槽"的多案裁判 看《反不正当竞争法》一般性条款的裁判规则演进

China Antitrust/Competition Law
Contributor
CCPIT PATENT AND TRADEMARK LAW OFFICE is the oldest and one of the largest full-service intellectual property law firms in China. Our firm has 322 patent and trademark attorneys, among whom 93 are qualified as attorneys-at-law. We provide consultation, prosecution, mediation, administrative enforcement and litigation services relating to patents, trademarks, copyrights, domain names, trade secrets, trade dress, unfair competition and other intellectual property-related matters. headquartered in Beijing, we have branch offices in New York, Silicon Valley, Tokyo, Munich, Madrid, Hongkong, Shanghai,Guangzhou and Shenzhen.
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