What is a Social Media Influencer?
The term "social media influencer" or simply "influencer" has become very popular in the recent years. But, what does it mean to be an influencer? An influencer is commonly described as "someone who affects or changes the way that other people behave, for >example through their use of social media"1.
A latest report published by the Influencer Marketing Hub titled "The State of Influencer Marketing 2019: Benchmark Report2" shows that the influencer marketing has grown exponentially over the last couple of years. According to the abovementioned report, as of 2018, there are 720 influencer marketing platforms, which are 320 agencies more than 2017. Furthermore, the market size of the influencer marketing was $ 4.6B in 2018, which is projected to be $6.5B by the end of 2019.
As seen from the figures above, though being an influencer generally starts off as entertainment or self-amusement on social media, it becomes more of a business every day, given that the influencers receive income via the advertisements placed on their posts through collaborations with third party companies. This is why the influencers are becoming the subject of the regulatory rules as any other business holders, even though they do not fit the traditional definition of one.
Protection of the Image of an Influencer
The content and business created by an influencer are protected by various disciplines of Turkish Law. Considering the fact that the influencer is a person, the personal rights of the influencers are protected by the Art. 23 et seq. of the Turkish Civil Code as well as the Law on Protection of Personal Data no. 6698. These laws ensure the protection of the personal rights via miscellaneous mechanisms and grant the influencer with legal mean to expulse any attacks against their personality.
On the other hand, the image of the influence and the content created is protected via copyright under the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, since it can be considered as a work of art. An influencer's work is subject to the rules on unfair competition as per the Turkish Commercial Code.
Lastly, the brand and name created by the influencer can be a subject to trademark law as per the Industrial Property Law no. 6769, if it become sufficiently distinctive and indicates a certain standard or quality regarding certain good and/or services.
Legal Framework relating to the Advertisement of Influencers
For many years, influencers were not subject to any regulations, as they could not be placed in any category. However, in the recent years, their activity on social media has started to be considered as subject to regulative rules, especially the advertisements placed on their posts. Accordingly, several national courts in Europe (especially in Germany) have evaluated the matter of social media advertising and set forth some rules with which all influencers must abide by. Even though Turkish courts are yet to render their opinion on the matter, there are some general regulative norms which the influencers shall follow as these rules apply to all advertising activities: advertisement law, fair competition rules and tax regulations.
Rules of Fair Advertisement and Consumer Protection
To begin with, advertisements of the influencers shall comply with the general advertising principles laid out by the Regulation on Commercial Advertisement and Unfair Commercial Practices ("Regulation"). Accordingly, influencers' advertisement shall be true, honest, not misleading and in compliance with the general moral norms as well as the human honor and personal rights. For example, an influencer shall not place an advertisement which could be insulting to a group of people, race or ethnicity.
Second to that, in accordance with the Article 6 of the Regulation, consumers have the right to be made aware of an advertisement of the influencer. This means that if a post published by an influencer features collaboration or advertises a product, the viewers/consumers must be made aware that this post contains advertisement. The influencer cannot hide the advertisement by means of product placement or as personal use. In many jurisdictions, placing a hashtag of #ad or #advertisement on the advertised post has become a very common way to comply with the requirement, as it is very recommendable.
Furthermore, one of the most common ways in which the influencers advertise products/services is to hold out raffles or free give-aways to catch the attention of the consumers. Pursuant to the Article 15 of the abovementioned Regulation, products/services distributed through a raffle or give-away competition shall comply with the quality of the pledged products/services and meet the level of reasonable expectation of the consumers. This provision ensures that even though the consumers receive the product/service free of charge, the influencer is still under the obligation to fulfill their duty and duly deliver it with the promised quality.
Lastly, depending on the professional capacity of the influencer, the advertisement published on their social media platforms can also be subject to the rules of endorsement as per the Article 16 of the Regulation. Pursuant to this, the advertisement shall not include any endorsement which is not based on the experience, knowledge or research results of a person, institution or organization.
There are also rules which only apply if the influencer promotes a product/service through their capacity as a health care professional i.e. doctor, dentist, veterinarian or pharmacist. In such cases, these professional shall not make any health declarations with regards to a product and/or service through the advertisement.
Duty to Avoid Unfair Competition
Second regulative area which affects the advertisement of the influencers is the rules prohibiting unfair competition. The Article 54 et seq. of the Turkish Commercial Code ("TCC") ensures the protection and maintenance of fair competition. Accordingly, before anything else, advertisements published on social media by influencers shall comply with the principles of good faith.
Moreover, it shall not be defamatory, misleading, insulting towards the products/services of a competitor company. Therefore, although it is permitted to publish comparative advertisements in some limited cases, an influencer shall not post an advertisement which only serves the purpose of defame a rival company by vilifying their products/services.
Last but not least, an influencer shall not create unfair competition by placing advertisement of a product/service confusingly similar to another company which is also protected by industrial or intellectual property rights. Article 54 of TCC specifically prohibits the act of taking such measures to confuse the consumers. Therefore, in such case, an influencer shall be liable alongside of the company for which they posted an advertisement on their account.
Complying with the Tax Duties
Third aspect of the legal framework which affects the influencer advertisement is without a doubt the tax regulations. In Turkey, commercial activities are subject to the many types of taxes, most significant of which being the income tax. According to the Income Tax Act and a special notice3 issued by the Revenue Administration in 2016, whether a person's income should be subject to income tax depends on the existence of three elements: having commercial income, having receiving the income within an organization and continuity of the commercial activity.
Firstly, given that the income received by the influencers comes from advertisement, it is undoubtedly accepted as commercial income. They promote a product/service which contributes to the sale of that specific product/service and increase the revenue of the advertising company. As for the requirement for receiving the income within an organization, the influencers work on social media platforms using their cell phones, camera, computer etc. Therefore, they work within an organization and utilize tools and/or capital to receive their income. Last but not least, their work on the social media continues during a tax period through many different collaborations and advertisement works. Therefore, their commercial activities proceed in continuity within the framework of an organization. In short, existence of all these three elements renders the social media influencers subject to income tax under the Turkish Law.
Apart from the duties derived from the Income Tax Act, the advertisement of the influencers is also subject to taxing by the Presidential Decree no. 476 published on the Official Gazette of February 15, 2019. The Decree amends some provisions of the Income Tax Act, Tax Procedural Law and Corporate Tax Law by regulating additional tax obligations to the internet advertisement which clearly includes the advertisement carried out by social media influencers.
Conclusion
Advertisement and business of social media influencers become increasingly more popular and widespread all around the world. While some jurisdictions have taken interest in this change in advertisement industry and began to evaluate and categorize it alongside of the more traditional methods of advertisement, the others, e.g. Turkey, have not been very progressive on that area. However, in a globalizing world, it is imperative to establish the ground rules for such an expending branch of business via either legislation or precedent decisions of courts.
Footnotes
[1] Gelir Idaresi Baskanligi, Sayi: B.07.1.GIB.4.34.19.02-105[229-2012/VUK-1-...]—23474, T: 16.03.2016
[2] https://influencermarketinghub.com/influencer-marketing-2019-benchmark-report/
[3] Cambridge Online Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/influencer
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