As intellectual property becomes a more important part of commerce, the question of how IP licenses are treated in bankruptcy is of more interest to companies negotiating such licenses.
When a Chapter 11 bankruptcy is filed, a new entity called the "bankruptcy estate" comes into existence. The debtor is generally given the responsibility of operating the bankruptcy estate as "debtor-in-possession." The question then arises to what extent the bankruptcy estate is bound by the license agreement. Generally, an outstanding IP license is treated as an "executory contract" in bankruptcy, which may either be assumed by the debtor or rejected, depending on whether the debtor believes it is a favorable agreement or a burdensome agreement.
If the debtor is the licensee and rejects the license, then the licensor's remedy is to file a claim in the bankruptcy for any damages. The claim may be secured or unsecured, depending on the terms of the agreement. If the debtor is the licensor and rejects the license, then the licensee has the option of treating the license as terminated, in which case it may file a claim in the bankruptcy for any damages. Alternatively, pursuant to section 365(n) of the Bankruptcy Code, the licensee may retain the right to use the IP, in which case it waives any claim for breach and must comply with its obligation to pay royalties under the license agreement.
The term "intellectual property" as used in the Bankruptcy Code includes all of the kinds of property that one would normally consider to be intellectual property, with the notable exceptions that it does not include trademarks, trade names and service marks. Trademarks, trade names and service marks are treated by the courts in much the same way as other IP, except that the section 365(n) protections discussed above will not be available to a licensee in the event that a debtor licensor rejects the license. In that instance, the only remedy available to the licensee will be to file a claim for damages. One way that a licensee can protect itself from that risk is to take a security interest in the IP itself to secure any claim the licensee may have for damages as a result of the licensor's breach. However, that strategy is not very common in the industry.
If a debtor licensee wishes to assume the license, things become a little more complicated. The Bankruptcy Code generally provides that a provision that bars assignment of a contract is not enforceable, unless state law would prohibit assignment of the contract even without such a provision. Most states do preclude an IP licensee from assigning the license if the agreement is silent on the topic. Thus, in all likelihood, the debtor will not be able to assign the license even in bankruptcy, unless the license agreement states that the license is assignable.
An issue that has arisen in the courts is whether a debtor licensee may assume the license in bankruptcy provided that it is not planning to assign the license. Some of the appellate courts have held that unless the contract expressly allows the licensee to assign the license, the debtor may not assume the license, irrespective whether the debtor is planning to assign it. However, because other appellate courts have held that the debtor may assume the license in that instance, and is only barred from assigning the license, the Supreme Court will probably ultimately have to decide that issue. The Eleventh Circuit (which has jurisdiction of appeals arising from cases originating in Florida), has not clearly spoken on this issue. In the meantime, a licensee contemplating Chapter 11 should protect itself from that risk by insisting upon a clause permitting assignment of the license. If that is not possible and the license is crucial to the business, then the licensee should consider filing the bankruptcy in a circuit that allows assumption of IP licenses without such a provision.
Given the growing importance of IP, both licensors and licensees should consider the bankruptcy implications of the agreements they are negotiating. In addition, debtors that have entered into material IP license agreements should seek advice from an experienced bankruptcy attorney concerning the impact of a bankruptcy on their IP licenses before filing for relief under the Bankruptcy Code.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
