Parties to merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions involving closely-held corporations may enjoy certain tax benefits if they can allocate a portion of the purchase price to individual shareholders' personal goodwill. Although the IRS does not much like personal goodwill, a recent Tax Court case (see the Sidebar "Personal Goodwill is Alive and Well") confirms that it remains a viable tax-planning tool under the right circumstances.
Personal vs. Business Goodwill
The International Glossary of Business Valuation Terms defines goodwill as "that intangible asset arising as a result of name, reputation, customer loyalty, location, products and similar factors not separately identified." The value of goodwill is usually expressed as the excess of a business's fair market value over the value of its net tangible assets and its identifiable intangible assets (such as patents, trademarks and other intellectual property).
Personal goodwill is derived from an individual owner's reputation, training, skills, experience and relationships. In contrast, business goodwill is associated with characteristics of the business itself. In theory, these characteristics, such as company name, reputation, location, products and workforce in place, remain with the business even if key owners or employees leave the company.
Tax Benefits
When a C corporation sells its assets, the sale proceeds are subject to double taxation. They are taxed once at the corporate level and again when they are distributed to shareholders. An S corporation generally is not subject to federal corporate-level taxes when assets are sold, but if it started out as a C corporation it may be exposed to double taxation on certain "built-in gains" — that is, unrealized appreciation on assets it owned at the time it converted to S status.
Selling shareholders may reduce the impact of double taxation to the extent the purchase price can be allocated to personal goodwill. Personal goodwill belongs to the individual shareholders and not the company, so that particular portion of the purchase price bypasses the corporation and avoids corporate taxes. In addition, payments that shareholders receive for their personal goodwill generally are taxed at lower capital gains rates, as opposed to payments for employment or noncompete agreements which generally are considered ordinary compensation income.
If the transaction is structured as a stock sale, double taxation is not an issue. But allocating a portion of the purchase price to personal goodwill still offers significant benefits. The selling shareholders enjoy capital gains treatment of those amounts and the buyer acquires an amortizable asset (goodwill is amortizable over 15 years). Buyers usually prefer asset sales, in part because amounts paid for assets generate significant depreciation and amortization deductions. Amounts paid for stock, on the other hand, are capitalized and cannot be deducted or amortized. The ability to allocate a portion of the purchase price to amortizable personal goodwill may make a stock transaction more palatable to a buyer.
Supporting the Allocation
To support a purchase price allocation to personal goodwill, it is important to involve an experienced business valuation professional early in the process. He or she can help determine and document the extent to which the business relies on the individual owners' talents and connections, and estimate the portion of the business's earning capacity that is attributable to those talents and connections.
However, keep in mind that to treat personal goodwill separately from corporate assets, it must continue to be the shareholders' property. If the owners have pre-existing employment, noncompete or nonsolicitation agreements, they may be deemed to have transferred their personal goodwill to the company, thereby converting it to business goodwill.
Also, it is critical for selling shareholders to take steps to transfer their personal goodwill to the buyer. This may include signing employment or consulting agreements that set forth the selling shareholders' responsibilities for helping ensure that the buyer retains the benefits of their business attraction and retention power.
Get Personal
If your corporation is contemplating a sale, it is worth investigating whether a portion of the purchase price can be allocated to the shareholders' personal goodwill. If significant personal goodwill exists, and you can value and document it, you may enjoy substantial tax savings.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.
