According to the code of ethics of the International Association of Culinary Professionals, a culinary professional must not knowingly "appropriate [...] any recipe or other intellectual property belonging to another without the proper recognition." And, in addition to the ethical, there are legal issues. While copying culinary creations might not sound like a big deal to millennial food bloggers and vloggers, lawsuits—sometimes with high stakes—have been filed over (mis)appropriated recipes. But whether claims to a signature dish will hold up in court is a different question and will likely depend on the scope of protection of the applicable copyright law(s).
The Literary Work
The written expression of a recipe (explanations and directions) is likely to be protected as a "literary work" in most jurisdictions. For example, the Court of Justice of the European Union (Case No. C‑5/08) held that even an 11-word newspaper article extract may be protected subject matter under the Copyright Directive (2001/29/EC), provided that it is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation. One can, therefore, safely assume that quite a few recipes that were published online or in print could be considered literary works subject to copyright protection. However, the copyright in a literary recipe only prevents unlicensed copying of the text, not the functional means for achieving a culinary result. Whether the recipe itself could be eligible for protection is another matter entirely: ideas like the ingredients necessary to the preparation of a particular dish are generally not copyrightable.
The Mere Listings of Ingredients
The US Copyright Office, for example, issued a factsheet that "copyright law does not protect recipes that are mere listings of ingredients." This view was backed by the US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in the non-precedential case Tomaydo-Tomahhdo, LLC v. Vozary , 629 F. App'x 658 (6th Cir. 2015). The court held that while there can be a copyright in the arrangement and creative expression contained in a recipe book, protection did not extend to the recipes themselves. A list of ingredients was "merely a factual statement, and [...] not copyrightable." However, a compilation of such facts could be eligible for protection, if it was an original selection. For example, on 28 March 2012, the Regional Court of Frankfurt am Main (Case No. 2-06 O 387/11), Germany, held that a selection of recipes suitable for certain pieces of cooking equipment was a "personal intellectual creation" within the meaning of sec. 2 para. 2 of the German Copyright Act. The US Copyright Office likewise stated that copyright protection could "extend to [...] a combination of recipes, as in a cookbook."
The Visuals and Other Things
Copyright law might also apply to photographs that accompany a recipe in a cookbook or to an elaborate food arrangement if it comprises elements that do not contribute to the utilitarian aspects of how food appears on a plate like coloring, textures and placement. There are, however, other avenues than copyright law that culinary professionals can pursue to protect their creations, such as secrecy or non-disclosure agreements.
Happy valentines day to all food and IP lovers!
This article was originally published on AllAboutIP – Mayer Brown's blog on relevant developments in the fields of intellectual property and unfair competition law. For intellectual property-themed videos, Mayer Brown has launched a dedicated channel available here.
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